1. Types of Routes - Static Routes and Dynamic Routes
Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic and route is the path to send the network traffic.There are two ways a router learn a route: static and dynamic. A static route is a route that is manually configured on the router. Simply we can say a static route is a route that is created manually by a network administrator. The information about the networks that are directly connected to the active router interfaces are added to the routing table initially and they are known as connected routes. The second way that the router can learn static routes are by configuring the routes manually.
Dynamic routes are routes that a router learns by using a routing protocol. Routing protocols will learn about routes from other neighbouring routers running the same routing protocol. Dynamic routing protocols share network numbers a router knows about and how to reach these networks. Through this sharing process, a router can learn about all of the reachable network numbers in the network.
2. What is the difference between Routing Protocols and Routed Protocols
While discussing
about protocols, two terms are commonly used: routing protocols and routed
protocols. A routing protocol learns routes for a routed protocol and routed
protocol carries user traffic such as e-mail, file transfers etc. IP, IPX and
Appletalk are the examples of Routed Protocols. An example of Routing Protocol
is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).
|
Routed Protocol
|
Routing Protocols
|
|
IP
|
RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP
|
|
IPX
|
RIP, NLSP, EIGRP
|
|
Appletalk
|
RMTP, AURP, EIGRP
|
3.What is Autonomous System and Autonomous System Number
An Autonomous System (AS) is a group of networks under a single administrative control, which could be your company, a division within your company, or a group of companies. An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) refers to a routing protocol that handles routing within a single autonomous system. IGPs include RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, and OSPF. An Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) handles routing between different Autonomous Systems (AS). Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is an EGP. BGP is used to route traffic across the Internet backbone between different autonomous systems.Autonomous System Numbers are 16-bit numbers, allowing 65,536 possible values. The Autonomous System Number (ASN) value 0 is reserved, and the largest ASN value 65,535, is also reserved. The values, from 1 to 64,511, are available for use in Internet routing, and the values 64,512 to 65,534 is designated for private use. Routing protocols that understand the concept of an Autonomous System (AS) are IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP.
4.What is Administrative Distance
Administrative
Distance (AD) is a value that routers use in order to select the best path when
there are two or more different routes to the same destination from two
different routing protocols. Administrative Distance counts the reliability of
a routing protocol. Administrative Distance (AD) is a numeric value which can
range from 0 to 255. A smaller Administrative Distance (AD) is more trusted by
a router, therefore the best Administrative Distance (AD) being 0 and the
worst, 255.
|
Administrative Distance (AD)
|
Route Type
|
|
0
|
Connected interface
|
|
0 or 1
|
Static Route
|
|
90
|
Internal EIGRP Route (within the same AS)
|
|
100
|
IGRP Route
|
|
110
|
OSPF Route
|
|
115
|
IS-IS
|
|
120
|
RIP Route
|
|
255
|
Unknown Route
|
5.Introduction to Static Routes and Default Routes
What is a Static Route
A static route is a route that is created manually by a network administrator. Static routes are typically used in smaller networks. In static routing, the routing table entries are populated manually by a network administrator.The opposite of a static route is a dynamic route. In dynamic routing, the the routing table entries are populated with the help of routing protocols.
The major advantages of static routing are reduced routing protocol router overhead and reduced routing protocol network traffic. The major disadvantages of static routing are network changes require manual reconfiguration in routers and network outages cannot be automatically routed around. Also it is difficult to configure static routing in a complex network.
What is a Default Route
A Default Route (also known as the gateway of last resort) is a special type of static route. Where a static route specifies a path a router should use to reach a specific destination, a default route specifies a path the router should use if it doesn’t know how to reach the destination.Default Route is the network route used by a router when there is no other known route exists for a given IP datagram's destination address. All the IP datagrams with unknown destination address are sent to the default route.
6.How to configure Static Routes and Default Routes
How to configure Static Routes
Static Route can be configured by the following IOS commands.• Router(config)#ip route destination_network subnet_mask default_gateway [administrative_distance] [permanent]
OR
• Router(config)# ip route destination_network subnet_mask interface_to_exit [administrative_distance] [permanent]
The permanent keyword will keep the static route in the routing table even when the interface the router uses for the static route fails.
Static Routing - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.
Click the following link to learn how to connect to the console port of the router if there is no serial port in your computer.
Click the following links to learn how to use HyperTerminal terminal emulator and PuTTY terminal emulator to configure router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Static Routing configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure static routing in Router01. The "ip route" commands shown below states that to reach 172.18.0.0/16, 172.19.0.0/16 and 172.20.0.0/16 networks, handover the packets to the gateway ip address 172.17.0.2. The networks 172.16.0.0/16 and 172.17.0.0/16 are conneted directly to Router01.
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Router01(config)#ip route 172.19.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Router01(config)#ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. To
view the routing table in Router01, run "show ip route" command in
Router01 as shown below. Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Router01(config)#ip route 172.19.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Router01(config)#ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.2
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 172.18.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
S 172.19.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
S 172.20.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
The
"S" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a static route and "C" character shows that it is a directly
connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
S 172.18.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
S 172.19.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
S 172.20.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.2
Static Routing configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure static routing in Router02. The "ip route" commands shown below states that to reach 172.16.0.0/16 network, handover the packets to the gateway ip address 172.17.0.1 and to reach 172.20.0.0/16 network, handover the packets to the gateway ip address 172.19.0.2. The networks 172.17.0.0/16, 172.18.0.0/16 and 172.19.0.0/16 are connected directly to Router02.
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.1
Router02(config)#ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.2
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. To
view the routing table in Router02, run "show ip route" command in
Router02 as shown below. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.17.0.1
Router02(config)#ip route 172.20.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.2
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.17.0.1
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
S 172.20.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.2
The
"S" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a static route and "C" character shows that it is a directly
connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
S 172.20.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.2
Static Routing configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure static routing in Router03. The "ip route" commands shown below states that to reach 172.16.0.0/16, 172.17.0.0/16 and 172.18.0.0/16 networks, handover the packets to the gateway ip address 172.19.0.1. The networks 172.19.0.0/16 and 172.20.0.0/16 are conneted directly to Router03.
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Router03(config)#ip route 172.17.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Router03(config)#ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. To
view the routing table in Router03, run "show ip route" command in
Router03 as shown below. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Router03(config)#ip route 172.17.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Router03(config)#ip route 172.18.0.0 255.255.0.0 172.19.0.1
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
S 172.16.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.1
S 172.17.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.1
S 172.18.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The
"S" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a static route and "C" character shows that it is a directly
connected network.S 172.17.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.1
S 172.18.0.0/16 [1/0] via 172.19.0.1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Verify the connectivity between networks using the ping command
To verify the static routes which we have configured and the connectivity between networks, run the ping command from Host01 (IP address: 172.16.0.10/16) to Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16).
C:\>ping 172.20.0.10
Pinging 172.20.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=235ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=235ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=187ms TTL=125
Ping statistics for 172.20.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 172ms, Maximum = 235ms, Average = 195ms
The
ping reply from Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16) shows that the static
routes are configured well in three routers and there is network connectivity
between different networks. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 172ms, Maximum = 235ms, Average = 195ms
How to configure Default Routes
Default Route can be configured by the following IOS commands.• Router(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 default_gateway [administrative_distance] [permanent]
OR
• Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 interface_to_exit [administrative_distance] [permanent]
7.What is Dynamic Routing and different types of Dynamic Routing
Static routing allows routing tables in specific routers to be set up by the network administrator. Dynamic routing use Routing Protocols that dynamically discover network destinations and how to get to them. Dynamic routing allows routing tables in routers to change if a router on the route goes down. Examples of Routing Protocols are RIP, EIGRP and OSPF.There are three basic types of routing protocols.
Distance-vector Routing Protocols: Distance-vector Routing Protocols use simple algorithms that calculate a cumulative distance value between routers based on hop count.
Example: RIP
Link-state Routing Protocols: Link-state Routing Protocols use sophisticated algorithms that maintain a complex database of internetwork topology.
Example: OSPF
Hybrid Routing Protocols: Hybrid Routing Protocols use a combination of distance-vector and link-state methods that tries to incorporate the advantages of both and minimize their disadvantages.
Example: EIGRP
8.What is Routing Metric Value
If the router has two types of routes, for the same network, the router chooses Administrative Distance to choose the best one. But in some cases, there will be two paths found by the same protocol, to the destination network. Here the routing protocol will use routing metric value to find the best path.Example: RIP (Routing Information Protocol) uses hop count as the metric.
Following are some of the factors to choose a best path to destination.
|
Metric
|
Routing
Protocols
|
Description
|
|
Bandwidth
|
IP EIGRP,
IP IGRP
|
The
bandwidth of the links in Kbps (T1=1,554)
|
|
Cost
|
IP OSPF
|
Measurement
in the inverse of the bandwidth of the links
|
|
Delay
|
IP EIGRP,
IP IGRP
|
Time it
takes to reach the destination
|
|
Hop count
|
IP RIP
|
How many
routers away from the destination
|
|
Load
|
IP EIGRP,
IP IGRP
|
The path
with the least utilization
|
|
Reliability
|
IP EIGRP,
IP IGRP
|
The path
with the least amount of errors or downtime
|
9.What is Convergence of Routing Tables
In dynamic routing, routing tables are created dynamically by obtaining the network information from other routers. Routers in the network must be constantly updated to changes in the network topology. Routes may be added or removed, or routes may fail due to a break in the physical link.When a new link is added or a link fails or changes, updates are sent by routers across the network that describe changes in the network topology. Other routers in the network then runs a routing algorithm to recalculate routes and build new routing tables based on the update information.
After recalculation, all the routing tables have arrived at a common view of the network topology. A converged network topology view means all the routers agree on which links are up, which links are down, which links are running fastest etc.
Convergence time is the time which a group of routers reach the state of convergence. Optimally the routing protocols must have fast convergence time.
10.Introduction to Distance Vector Routing Protocols
Distance Vector protocols are the simplest amoung Routing Protocols. Distance vector routing protocols use the distance and direction (vector) to find paths to destinations. Distance Vector protocols use the Bellman-Ford algorithm for finding paths to destinations.Routers running Distance Vector protocols learn who their neighbours are by listening for routing broadcasts on their interfaces. Distance Vector protocols periodically send local broadcasts (255.255.255.255) to share routing information.
Distance Vector algorithms pass routing table updates to their immediate neighbors in all directions. At each exchange, the router increments the distance value received for a route, thereby applying its own distance value to it. The routerwho received this update again pass the updated table further outward, where receiving routers repeat the process.
The Distance Vector protocols do not check who is listening to the updates which they sent and Distance Vector protocols broadcast the updates periodically even if there is no change in the network topology.
Distance Vector protocols are the simplest among three types of dynamic routing protocols. They are easy to set-up and troubleshoot. They require less router resources. They receive the routing update, increment the metric, compare the result to the routes in the routing table, and update the routing table if necessary
11.Introduction to Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
IP RIP (Routing Information Protocol) comes in two different versions: 1 and 2. Version 1 is a distance vector protocol (RFC 1058) and Version 2 is a hybrid protocol (RFCs 1721 and 1722).Routing Information Protocol Version 1 (RIPv1)
RIPv1 uses local broadcasts to share routing information. These updates are periodic in nature, occurring, by default, every 30 seconds. To prevent packets from circling around a loop forever, both versions of RIP solve counting to infinity by placing a hop count limit of 15 hops on packets. Any packet that reaches the sixteenth hop will be dropped. RIPv1 is a classful protocol. RIP supports up to six equal-cost paths to a single destination. Equal-cost path are the paths where the metric is same (Hop count).Routing Information Protocol (RIPv2)
RIPv2 is a distance vector protocol with routing enhancements built into it, and it is based on RIPV1. Therefore, it is commonly called a hybrid protocol.RIPv2 uses multicasts instead of broadcasts. RIPv2 supports triggered updates. when a change occurs, a RIPv2 router will immediately propagate its routing information to its connected neighbours. RIPv2 is a classless protocol and it supports variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).
Both RIPv1 and RIPv2 uses hop count as the metric.
Differences between RIPv1 and RIPv2
RIPv1
• Supports only classful routing (Does not support VLSM).• No authentication.
• RIPv1 uses Broadcast.
RIPv2
• Supports classless routing (Supports VLSM). RIPv2 incorporates the addition of the network mask in the update to allow classless routing advertisements.• Authentication is available.
• RIPv2 uses multi-cast instead of broadcast. multicast communication reduces the burden on the network devices that do not need to listen to RIP updates.
11.How to configure Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
If you are not familiar with Routing Information Protocol (RIP), click the following link to view an introduction to Routing Information Protocol (RIP).Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Configuration
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) can be configured in a router using the following IOS commands. The "version 2" IOS command specifies that we are using RIPv2.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# version 2
Router(config-router)# network network_id
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# version 2
Router(config-router)# network network_id
Routing Information Protocol (RIP) - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.If you are not familiar with a router console connection, click the following link to learn how to connect the serial port of your computer to router console port.
Click the following link to learn how to connect to the console port of the router if there is no serial port in your computer.
Click the following links to learn how to use HyperTerminal terminal emulator and PuTTY terminal emulator to configure router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0 configuration
mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) in Router01. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router rip
Router01(config-router)#version 2
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router rip
Router01(config-router)#version 2
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) in Router02. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#router rip
Router02(config-router)#version 2
Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#router rip
Router02(config-router)#version 2
Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) in Router03. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router rip
Router03(config-router)#version 2
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router rip
Router03(config-router)#version 2
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
How to view the routing table in Router01
After the network is converged after the initial configuration and Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router01, as shown below.
Router01>enable
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
R 172.19.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
R 172.20.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
The
"R" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
R 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
R 172.19.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
R 172.20.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
How to view the routing table in Router02
When the network is converged after the initial configuration and Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router02, as shown below.
Router02>enable
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.1, 00:00:07, Serial0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 172.20.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
The
"R" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
R 172.20.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
How to view the routing table in Router03
When the network is converged after the initial configuration and Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router03, as shown below.
Router03>enable
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R 172.17.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The
"R" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.R 172.17.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
R 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Verify the connectivity between networks using the ping command
To verify the Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) routes and the connectivity between networks, run the ping command from Host01 (IP address: 172.16.0.10/16) to Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16).
C:\>ping 172.20.0.10
Pinging 172.20.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Ping statistics for 172.20.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
The
ping reply from Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16) shows that the Routing
Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) is configured well in three routers and
there is network connectivity between different networks. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
12.Introduction to Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a Cisco-proprietary routing protocol for IP.Some of the features ifInterior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) are
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses a sophisticated metric based on bandwidth and delay.
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses triggered updates to speed-up convergence.
• Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) supports unequal-cost load balancing to a single destination.
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, to find the metric value. By default, the algorithm uses only bandwidth and delay, but the other metric components can be enabled. IGRP uses bandwidth, delay, reliability, load, and MTU to find the metric value. By default, the algorithm uses only bandwidth and delay, but the other metric components can be enabled.
The following formula is used to calculate the composite metric of IGRP.
Metric = [K1 * Bandwidth + (K2 * Bandwidth)/ (256-Load) + K3*Delay] * [K5/(Reliability + K4)]
The default constant values are K1 = K3 = 1 and K2 = K4 = K5 = 0.
If K5 = 0, the [K5/ (reliability + K4)] term is not used. So, given the default values for K1 through K5, the composite metric calculation used by IGRP reduces to Metric = Bandwidth + Delay.
• To find the bandwidth value, find the smallest of all the bandwidths in Kbps from outgoing interfaces and divide 10,000,000 by that number.
• Reliability and load are measured 1–255. A reliability of 1 is least reliable, while 255 is most reliable. A load of 1 is least utilized, while 255 is 100 percent utilized. The MTU refers to the size of the frame. If a route has lower metric value, then that route is preferred.
• In order to find the delay, add all of the delays (in microseconds) from the outgoing interfaces and divide this number by 10. (The delay is in tenths of microseconds.)
13.How to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP)
If you are not familiar with Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), click the following link to view an introduction to Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP).
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Configuration
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) can be configured in a router using the following IOS commands. If you have a new router with a latest IOS release, you may not find Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration commands because Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is removed from new IOS releases.
Router(config)# router igrp ASN
Router(config-router)# network Network_ID
ASN
in the above IOS command stands for Autonomous System Number.Router(config-router)# network Network_ID
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.Click the following link to learn how to connect to the console port of the router if there is no serial port in your computer.
Click the following links to learn how to use HyperTerminal terminal emulator and PuTTY terminal emulator to configure router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) in Router01. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)# router igrp 1
Router01(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)# network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)# router igrp 1
Router01(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)# network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) in Router02. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)# router igrp 1
Router02(config-router)# network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)# network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)# network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)# router igrp 1
Router02(config-router)# network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)# network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)# network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) in Router03. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)# router igrp 1
Router03(config-router)# network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)# network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)# router igrp 1
Router03(config-router)# network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)# network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
How to view the routing table in Router01
After the network is converged after the initial configuration and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router01, as shown below.
Router01>enable
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
I 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
I 172.19.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
I 172.20.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
The
"I" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered byInterior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
I 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
I 172.19.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
I 172.20.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.17.0.2, 00:00:22, Serial0/0
How to view the routing table in Router02
When the network is converged after the initial configuration and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router02, as shown below.
Router02>enable
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
I 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.17.0.1, 00:00:07, Serial0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
I 172.20.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
The
"I" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
I 172.20.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.2, 00:00:20, Serial0/1
How to view the routing table in Router03
When the network is converged after the initial configuration and Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) configuration, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router03, as shown below.
Router03>enable
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
I 172.16.0.0/16 [120/2] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
I 172.17.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
I 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The
"I" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.I 172.17.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
I 172.18.0.0/16 [120/1] via 172.19.0.1, 00:00:02, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Verify the connectivity between networks using the ping command
To verify the Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) routes and the connectivity between networks, run the ping command from Host01 (IP address: 172.16.0.10/16) to Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16).
C:\>ping 172.20.0.10
Pinging 172.20.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Ping statistics for 172.20.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
The
ping reply from Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16) shows that the Interior
Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is configured well in three routers and there
is network connectivity between different networksPackets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
14.What is Routing Loop and how to avoid Routing Loop
A routing loop is a serious network problem which happens when a data packet is continually routed through the same routers over and over. The data packets continue to be routed within the network in an endless circle. A routing loop can have a catastrophic impact on a network, and in some cases, completely disabling the network. Normally Routing Loop is a problem associated with Distance Vector Protocols.Routing Loop can happen in large internetworks when a second topology change emerges before the network is able to converge on the first change. Convergence is the term used to describe the condition when all routers in an internetwork have agreed on a common topology. Link state protocols tend to converge very quickly, while distance vector protocols tend to converge slowly.
The following methods are used to avoid Routing Loops.
Maximum hop Count
Maximum hop count mechanism can be used to prevent Routing Loops. Distance Vector protocols use the TTL (Time-to-Live) value in the IP datagram header to avoid Routing Loops. When an IP datagram move from router to router, a router keeps track of the hops in the TTL field in the IP datagram header. For each hop a packet goes through, the packet’s TTL field is decremented by one. If this value reaches 0, the packet is dropped by the router that decremented the value from 1 to 0.Split Horizon
A split horizon is a routing configuration that stops a route from being advertised back in the direction from which it came. Split Horizon mechanism states that if a neighbouring router sends a route to a router, the receiving router will not propagate this route back to the advertising router on the same interface.Route Poisoning
Route Poisoning is another method for avoiding routing loops. When a router detects that one of its connected routes has failed, the router will poison the route by assigning an infinite metric to it.Hold-down Timers
Hold-down timer is another mechanism used to prevent bad routes from being restored and propagated by mistake. When a route is placed in a hold-down state, routers will neither advertise the route nor accept advertisements about it for a specific interval called the hold-down period15.Introduction to Link State Routing Protocols
Link state protocols are based on Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm to find the best path to a destination. Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm is also known as Dijkstra algorithm, since it is conceptualized by Dijkstra. In Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, whenever a link's state changes, a routing update called a Link-State Advertisement (LSA) is exchanged between routers. When a router receives an LSA routing update, the link-state algorithm is used to recalculate the shortest path to affected destinations. Link-state routing always try to maintain full networks topology by updating itself incrementally whenever a change happen in network. Each router constructs a map of the complete network. An example of Link State protocol is OSPF (Open Shortest Path First).Some important terms related with Link State Routing Protocols
• Link-state advertisements (LSAs) – A link-state advertisement (LSA) is a small packet of routing information that is sent between routers.
• Topological database – A topological database is a collection of information gathered from LSAs.
• SPF algorithm (Dijkstra algorithm) – The shortest path first (SPF) algorithm is a calculation performed on the database resulting in the SPF tree.
• Routing tables – A list of the known paths and interfaces.
Link State Routing Protocols converge more quickly and they are less prone to routing loops than Distance Vector algorithms. On the other hand, Link State Routing Protocols require more CPU power and memory than distance vector algorithms. Link State Protocols use a hierarchical structure that limits the distance that a Link-State Advertisement (LSA) need to travel. Link State Protocols use multicasts to share the routing information. Only the routers which run Link State protocol only process the updates. Link State routers send updates only when there is a change in the state of the network (incremental updates).
Link-state algorithms can be more complex and expensive to implement and support.
16.Introduction to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol
The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is a link state protocol that handles routing for IP traffic. Its newest implementation, version 2, which is explained in RFC 2328, is an open standard. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is an open standard (not proprietary) and it will run on most routers independent of make. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses the Shortest Path First (SPF) algorithm, developed by Dijkstra, to provide a loop-free topology. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) provides fast convergence with triggered, incremental updates via Link State Advertisements (LSAs). Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a classless protocol and allows for a hierarchical design with VLSM and route summarizationThe main disadvantages of Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) are Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) requires more memory to hold the adjacency (list of OSPF neighbors), topology (a link state database containing all of the routers and their routes), and routing tables, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) requires extra CPU processing to run the SPF algorithm and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a complex routing protocol.
The two important concepts in case of OSPF are Autonomous Systems and Areas. Areas are used to provide hierarchical routing, within an Autonomous System. Areas are used to control when and how much routing information is shared across your network.
OSPF implements a two-layer hierarchy: the backbone (Area 0) and areas off of the backbone (Areas 1–65,535). Here the two different areas can summarize routing information between them. Route summerization helps to compact the routing tables. All areas should connect to Area 0 and all routers in an Area will have the same topology table.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) metric value
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) uses cost as the value of metric and uses a reference bandwidth of 100 Mbps for cost calculation. The formula to calculate the cost is reference bandwidth divided by interface bandwidth. For example, in the case of Ethernet, it is 100 Mbps / 10 Mbps = 10.Important Terms related with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
Router ID
Each router in an OSPF network needs a unique ID. The ID is used to provide a unique identity to the OSPF router.• The highest IP address on its loopback interfaces (this is a logical interface on a router)
• The highest IP address on its active interfaces
What is a Loopback Interface
A loopback interface is a logical, virtual interface on a router. By default, the router doesn’t have any loopback interfaces, but they can easily be created. These interfaces are treated as physical interfaces on a router and we can assign ip addresses to them.
Router(Config)#int loopback 2
Router(Config-if)#ip address 200.0.0.10 255.255.255.0
Router(Config-if)#ip address 200.0.0.10 255.255.255.0
Area border router (ABR)
An Area border router (ABR) is a router that connects one or more OSPF areas to the main backbone network. It is considered a member of all areas it is connected to.Internal router
An Internal Router is a router that has only OSPF neighbour relationships with routers in the same area.Backbone router
Backbone Routers are part of the OSPF backbone. This includes all area border routers and also routers connecting different areas.Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR)
A Designated Router (DR) is the router interface elected among all routers on a network segment, and Backup designated (BDR) is a backup for the Designated Router (DR). Designated Routers (DRs) are used for reducing network traffic by providing a source for routing updates. The Designated Router (DR) maintains a complete topology table of the network and sends the updates to the other routers via multicast. All routers in an area will form a slave/master relationship with the Designated Router (DR).16.How to configure Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol
If you are not familair with Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol click the following link to view an introduction to Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol.Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol Configuration
Router(config)# router ospf process_ID
Router(config-router)# network network_id wildcard_mask area area_#
Note:
Router(config-router)# network network_id wildcard_mask area area_#
Process id: A value in the range 1–65,535 identifies the OSPF Process ID. OSPF Process ID is a unique number on this router that groups a series of OSPF configuration commands under a specific running process.
Wildcard Mask: The wildcard mask (wildcard_mask) given above is the inverse mask of the subnet mask. A 0 octet in the wildcard mask indicates that the corresponding octet in the network must match exactly. On the other hand, a 255 indicates that you don’t care what the corresponding octet is in the network number. A network and wildcard mask combination of 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.0 would match 192.168.10.0 only, and nothing else.
Area Number: The area_# given above is the Area Number. Area Number can always be zero (0) for small networks, but for larger networks, the Area Number need to be properly planned as all routing updates must traverse Area 0.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.If you are not familiar with a router console connection, click the following link to learn how to connect the serial port of your computer to router console port.
Click the following link to learn how to connect to the console port of the router if there is no serial port in your computer.
Click the following links to learn how to use HyperTerminal terminal emulator and PuTTY terminal emulator to configure router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol in Router01. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router ospf 1
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router ospf 1
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol in Router02. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router02>
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#router ospf 1
Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Do remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol in Router03. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration IOS commands.Using the IOS "network" command, as shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router ospf 1
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router ospf 1
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
How to view the routing table in Router01
After the initial configuration and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router01, as shown below.
Router01>enable
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
O 172.18.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.17.0.2, 00:26:31, Serial0/0
O 172.19.0.0/16 [110/128] via 172.17.0.2, 00:26:21, Serial0/0
O 172.20.0.0/16 [110/129] via 172.17.0.2, 00:24:54, Serial0/0
The
"O" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
O 172.18.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.17.0.2, 00:26:31, Serial0/0
O 172.19.0.0/16 [110/128] via 172.17.0.2, 00:26:21, Serial0/0
O 172.20.0.0/16 [110/129] via 172.17.0.2, 00:24:54, Serial0/0
How to view the routing table in Router02
After the initial configuration and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router02, as shown below.
Router02>enable
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O 172.16.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.17.0.1, 00:30:20, Serial0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
O 172.20.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.19.0.2, 00:28:08, Serial0/1
The
"O" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
O 172.20.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.19.0.2, 00:28:08, Serial0/1
How to view the routing table in Router03
After the initial configuration and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router03, as shown below.
Router03>enable
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
O 172.16.0.0/16 [110/129] via 172.19.0.1, 00:29:43, Serial0/1
O 172.17.0.0/16 [110/128] via 172.19.0.1, 00:29:43, Serial0/1
O 172.18.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.19.0.1, 00:29:43, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The
"O" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol and
"C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.O 172.17.0.0/16 [110/128] via 172.19.0.1, 00:29:43, Serial0/1
O 172.18.0.0/16 [110/65] via 172.19.0.1, 00:29:43, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Verify the connectivity between networks using the ping command
To verify the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol routes and the connectivity between networks, run the ping command from Host01 (IP address: 172.16.0.10/16) to Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16).
C:\>ping 172.20.0.10
Pinging 172.20.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Ping statistics for 172.20.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
The
ping reply from Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16) shows that the Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol is configured well in three routers and
there is network connectivity between different networks. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
18.Introduction to Hybrid Routing Protocols
A hybrid protocol has the advantages of both distance vector and link state protocols and merges them into a new protocol. Typically, hybrid protocols are based on a distance vector protocol but contain many of the features and advantages of link state protocols. Example: EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol).Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is considered as a Hybrid Routing Protocol because EIGRP has characteristics of both Distance Vector and Link State Routing Protocols. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) doesn’t send Link State Advertisement (LSA) packets as OSPF does, but Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) sends traditional Distance Vector updates containing information about networks plus the cost of reaching them from the perspective of the advertising router. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) has link-state characteristics also. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) synchronizes routing tables between neighbors at startup, and then it sends specific updates when a network topology change happen.
19.Introduction to Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary enhanced Distance Vector routing protocol. EIGRP is based on IGRP, hence the configuration is similar. Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is considered as a Hybrid Routing Protocol because EIGRP has characteristics of both Distance Vector and Link State Routing Protocols. Both EIGRP and IGRP offer load balancing across six paths (equal or unequal), and they have similar metric structures. EIGRP has faster convergence, and has less network overhead, since it uses incremental updates. Another important features of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) are routing loop-free topology, VLSM and route summarization, multicast and incremental updates and routes for multiple routed protocols (IP, IPX and AppleTalk)
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Uses Diffused Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path.
The following formula is used to calculate the metric of Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
Metric = [K1*Bandwidth + (K2*Bandwidth)/ (256 - Load) + K3*Delay] * [K5/(Reliability + K4)]
The default values for K are K1 = 1, K2 = 0, K3 = 1, K4 = 0, K5 = 0. For default behaviour, the formula can be simplified as metric = bandwidth + delay
Important terms related with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
DUAL
DUAL stands for Diffused Update Algorithm, the algorithm used by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) to calculate the shortest path.Neighbor table
Neighbor table contains a list of the EIGRP neighbours. Each routed protocol for EIGRP has its own neighbour table.Topology table
Topology table contains a list of all destinations and paths the EIGRP router learned. There is a separate topology table for each routed protocol.Successor
Successor is the best path to reach a destination within the topology table.Feasible successor
Feasible successor is the best backup path to reach a destinationRouting table
Routing table contains all of the successor routes from the topology table. There is a separate routing table for each routed protocol.Advertised distance
Advertised distance is the distance (metric) that a neighbouring router is advertising for a specific route.Feasible distance
Feasible distance is the distance (metric) that your router will use to reach a specific route.20.How to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
If you are not familiar with Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), click the following link to view an introduction to Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Configuration
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) can be configured in a router using the following IOS commands.
Router(config)# router eigrp ASN
Router(config-router)# network Network_ID
Router(config-router)# network Network_ID
ASN in the above IOS command stands for Autonomous System Number.
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) - Lab Practice
The following diagram shows our lab setup. We have three routers, three switches and three hosts connected as below. The host names, IP addresses and the interfaces of the routers are shown in diagram. The IP addresses of the hosts are also shown in the diagram.If you are not familiar with a router console connection, click the following link to learn how to connect the serial port of your computer to router console port.
Click the following link to learn how to connect to the console port of the router if there is no serial port in your computer.
Click the following links to learn how to use HyperTerminal terminal emulator and PuTTY terminal emulator to configure router.
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router01.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.16.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router01
Router01(config)#
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router01 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/0 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface fa0/0
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.16.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#interface s0/0
Router01(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router01(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router01(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router02.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0
configuration mode on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.18.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router02
Router02(config)#
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/0 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.17.0.2/16. Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface fa0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.18.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router02 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.1/16. You have to set a clock
rate also using the "clock rate" command on S0/1 interface, since
this is the DCE side.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/0
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.17.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#interface s0/1
Router02(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Router02(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router02(config-if)#no shutdown
Hostname and IP address configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure host name as Router03.
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Use
the following IOS commands to open the fast ethernet interface Fa0/0 configuration
mode on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.20.0.1/16.Router#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router(config)#hostname Router03
Router03(config)#
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Use
the following IOS commands to open the serial interface S0/1 configuration mode
on Router03 and configure IP address as 172.19.0.2/16. Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface fa0/0
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.20.0.1 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#interface s0/1
Router03(config-if)#ip address 172.19.0.2 255.255.0.0
Router03(config-if)#no shutdown
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router01
Connect to Router01 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router01. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router01>enable
Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router eigrp 1
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router01#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router01(config)#router eigrp 1
Router01(config-router)#network 172.16.0.0
Router01(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router01(config-router)#exit
Router01(config)#exit
Router01#
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router02
Connect to Router02 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router02. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router02>enable
Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#router eigrp 1
Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router02#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router02(config)#router eigrp 1
Router02(config-router)#network 172.17.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.18.0.0
Router02(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router02(config-router)#exit
Router02(config)#exit
Router02#
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in Router03
Connect to Router03 console and use the following IOS commands to configure Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) in Router03. Please refer the beginning of this lesson to view the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration IOS command.In the IOS "network" command, shown below, we specify only the directly connected networks of this router.
Router03>enable
Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router eigrp 1
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
Do
remember to run the "copy running-config startup-config" command from
enable mode, if you want to save the changes you have made in the router.Router03#configure terminal
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Router03(config)#router eigrp 1
Router03(config-router)#network 172.19.0.0
Router03(config-router)#network 172.20.0.0
Router03(config-router)#exit
Router03(config)#exit
Router03#
How to view the routing table in Router01
After the initial configuration and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router01, as shown below.
Router01>enable
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router01#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
C 172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D 172.18.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.17.0.2, 00:05:36, Serial0/0
D 172.19.0.0/16 [90/2681856] via 172.17.0.2, 00:05:30, Serial0/0
D 172.20.0.0/16 [90/2684416] via 172.17.0.2, 00:02:35, Serial0/0
The
"D" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
and "C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
D 172.18.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.17.0.2, 00:05:36, Serial0/0
D 172.19.0.0/16 [90/2681856] via 172.17.0.2, 00:05:30, Serial0/0
D 172.20.0.0/16 [90/2684416] via 172.17.0.2, 00:02:35, Serial0/0
How to view the routing table in Router02
After the initial configuration and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router02, as shown below.
Router02>enable
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router02#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
D 172.16.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.17.0.1, 00:08:02, Serial0/0
C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
D 172.20.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.19.0.2, 00:04:45, Serial0/1
The
"D" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
and "C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.C 172.17.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/0
C 172.18.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
D 172.20.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.19.0.2, 00:04:45, Serial0/1
How to view the routing table in Router03
After the initial configuration and Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) configuration in all routers, we can use the "show ip route" to view the routing table in Router03, as shown below.
Router03>enable
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Router03#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, ia - IS-IS inter area
* - candidate default, U - per-user static route, o - ODR
P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
D 172.16.0.0/16 [90/2684416] via 172.19.0.1, 00:06:01, Serial0/1
D 172.17.0.0/16 [90/2681856] via 172.19.0.1, 00:06:01, Serial0/1
D 172.18.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.19.0.1, 00:06:01, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
The
"D" character at the beginning of a line in routing table shows that
it is a route discovered by Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP)
and "C" character shows that it is a directly connected network.D 172.17.0.0/16 [90/2681856] via 172.19.0.1, 00:06:01, Serial0/1
D 172.18.0.0/16 [90/2172416] via 172.19.0.1, 00:06:01, Serial0/1
C 172.19.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0/1
C 172.20.0.0/16 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Verify the connectivity between networks using the ping command
To verify the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) routes and the connectivity between networks, run the ping command from Host01 (IP address: 172.16.0.10/16) to Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16).
C:\>ping 172.20.0.10
Pinging 172.20.0.10 with 32 bytes of data:
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=172ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=157ms TTL=125
Reply from 172.20.0.10: bytes=32 time=188ms TTL=125
Ping statistics for 172.20.0.10:
Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
The
ping reply from Host03 (IP address: 172.20.0.10/16) shows that the Enhanced
Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) Protocol is configured well in three
routers and there is network connectivity between different networks. Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),
Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds:
Minimum = 157ms, Maximum = 188ms, Average = 176ms
0 comments:
Post a Comment